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Neuromancer

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For other uses, see Neuromancer (disambiguation).
Neuromancer
First edition cover
AuthorWilliam Gibson
Audio read byRobertson Dean
Cover artistJames Warhola
LanguageEnglish
SeriesSprawl trilogy
GenreScience fiction (cyberpunk)
PublisherAce
Publication date
July 1, 1984
Media typePrint (paperback and hardback)
Pages271
ISBN0-441-56956-0
OCLC10980207
Preceded by"Burning Chrome" (1982) 
Followed byCount Zero (1986) 

Neuromancer is a 1984 science fiction novel by American-Canadian author William Gibson. Set in a near-future dystopia, the narrative follows Henry Case, a computer hacker enlisted into a crew by a powerful artificial intelligence and a traumatised former soldier to complete a high-stakes heist. It was Gibson's debut novel and served as the first entry in the Sprawl trilogy, preceding Count Zero (1986) and Mona Lisa Overdrive (1988).

Gibson had primarily written countercultural short stories for science-fiction periodicals before Neuromancer. Influences on the novel include the detective stories of Raymond Chandler, the comic art of Jean Giraud, and William S. Burroughs' Naked Lunch (1959). Neuromancer expanded and popularised the setting and concepts of an earlier Gibson story, "Burning Chrome" (1981), which introduced cyberspace—a digital space traversable by humans—and "jacking in", a bio-mechanical method of interfacing with computers.

The novel, alongside its predecessor stories, are frequently cited as foundational works of early cyberpunk. These stories had immense influence on the themes of the genre, placing technological advancement alongside social outcasts, criminals and societal decay. Terminology likewise coined or pioneered by Gibson defined the major conventions of the genre—cyberspace, jacking in, and ICE

Neuromancer was released without significant hype but became an underground hit through word of mouth. Following release, it received critical acclaim, transformed the science-fiction genre. Mainstream recognition raised Gibson from relative obscurity. It remains the first and only novel to receive the science-fiction "triple crown"—the 1984 Hugo Award and Nebula Award for Best Novel, and the Philip K. Dick Award for best original paperback.

Background

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Textual history

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In 1981, while working as a teaching assistant at his alma mater, the University of British Columbia, Gibson won his first Nebula Award for the short story, "Johnny Mnemonic",[1] introducing one of Neuromancer's main characters, Molly Millions. "Johnny Mnemonic" infused elements of crime fiction, like marginalised communities and criminal society, with technology, blurring the boundary of human and machine.[2] The setting of the Sprawl and the concept of cyberspace first appeared in Omni the following year in his short story "Burning Chrome",[3] and were popularised by Neuromancer.[4] Later in 1981, Gibson was commissioned to write a novel by science-fiction editor Terry Carr for his second series of Ace Science Fiction Specials; he submitted an outline later that year with the working title Jacked In, eventually renaming it Neuromancer.[5][a] Gibson did not understand computing or networking in much detail, primarily wanting the shared vocabulary surrounding the topics.[6]

The novel underwent considerable revision, with Gibson saying he rewrote the first two-thirds twelve times to ensure there was both stylistic consistency and a "vaguely plausible" plot.[7] Gibson's sought to eliminate "clunk", contracting his prose to ensure "individual parts carry more weight". He did not write the novel with a concrete outline, or initially know how it would end,[8] writing the novel in "blind animal panic" because he thought the novel would fail if he did not hold the reader's attention.[9] Towards the end of the process, Gibson added the novel's final sentence ("He never saw Molly again") to prevent himself from writing a sequel, confident the novel would fail.[10][b]

Inspiration

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Neuromancer has many literary progenitors. Detective fiction, like the work of Raymond Chandler, is frequently cited as an influence on Neuromancer. For example, critics note similarities between Gibson's Case and Chandler's Philip Marlowe: Case is described as a "cowboy" and a "detective" and is involved in a heist;[12] Molly, the novel's primary female character, has connections to the "molls" of 1940s film noir.[13] Case's illegal practices, like theft and murder, situate him within a wider tradition of transgressive detectives, like the opiate addiction of Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes.[14] Gibson stated that the pulp noir core of the novel was key to engaging his readers, and cited the works of Dashiell Hammett and Robert Stone as major influences on its style.[15][c]

Gibson's prose style—fast-paced, fragmented imagery—resembles the styles of William S. Burroughs and J. G. Ballard.[5] Burroughs' Naked Lunch (1959) is frequently cited by critics as an influence on Neuromancer,[17] including by one as its "principal source", as a literary predecessor of Gibson's "cyberspace".[17] Gibson's conception of cyberspace was compared by Samuel R. Delany to Roger Zelazny's early short stories; Delany and other critics have explored the character of Molly as a development on the cyborg assassin of Joanna Russ' The Female Man (1975).[18] [19][d]

Visual media likewise impacted the style of Neuromancer. Gibson has repeatedly mentioned the artwork of the 1970s French magazine Métal hurlant.[20], with critics noting the cyberpunk aesthetic of Jean "Moebius" Giraud's "The Long Tomorrow" (1976), republished in the American Heavy Metal magazine in 1977.[21] John Carpenter's Escape from New York (1981) influenced Gibson's approach to world-building, pointing to throwaway lines that suggested much about the film's world and its history beyond the narrative itself.[22] Upon seeing Ridley Scott's Blade Runner (1982), Gibson worried readers would think he had copied the film's "fine visual texture".[22] Gibson wrote in his introduction to the graphic novel of Neuromancer that Blade Runner was not a conscious influence;[20] in a later interview, he recounted a lunch with Scott where they both acknowledged a shared debt to Moebius' work in Métal hurlant.[23]

Plot

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Cover of a Brazilian edition, depicting the "razorgirl" Molly

Case is a low-level hustler in the dystopian underworld of Chiba City, Japan. Once a talented computer hacker and "console cowboy", Case was caught stealing from his employer, who retaliated by damaging Case's central nervous system, leaving him unable to access the virtual reality dataspace called the "matrix". Case is approached by Molly, an augmented "razorgirl" and mercenary on behalf of a shadowy US ex-military officer named Armitage, who offers to cure Case in exchange for his services as a hacker. Case undergoes the cure, but discovers that Armitage has sabotaged him with a time-delayed poison. If Case completes the job, Armitage will disarm the poison; if not, he will find himself crippled again.

Armitage has Case and Molly steal a ROM module that contains the saved consciousness of one of Case's mentors, legendary hacker McCoy Pauley. Suspicious of his motives and the unusual nature of the job, Molly and Case begin to investigate Armitage on the side. They discover that Armitage is actually Colonel Willis Corto, the only survivor of the failed anti-Soviet mission "Operation Screaming Fist". He was returned to the United States for extensive psychotherapy and reconstructive surgery, but snapped after learning that the government had been aware the mission would likely fail and went ahead with it regardless. He killed his handler and disappeared into the criminal underworld, eventually resurfacing under the name Armitage.

In Istanbul, the team recruits Peter Riviera, a sociopathic thief and drug addict. The trail leads Case to Wintermute, an artificial intelligence created by the eccentric Tessier-Ashpool family. The Tessier-Ashpools spend their time in rotating cryonic preservation in their home, the Villa Straylight. The Villa is located on Freeside, a cylindrical space habitat which functions as a Las Vegas-style space resort for the wealthy.

Wintermute reveals itself to Case and explains that it is one half of a super-AI entity planned by the family. It is programmed with a need to merge with its other half, Neuromancer, but because of the severe restrictions placed on AI programs by the Turing Registry, it cannot achieve this on its own. It has manipulated and recruited Armitage and his team to bring it into contact with Neuromancer, access to which is physically secured within the Villa Straylight. Case is tasked with entering cyberspace to pierce the software barriers around Neuromancer with an icebreaker program. Riviera is to obtain the password to the physical terminal from Lady 3Jane Marie-France Tessier-Ashpool, the only member of the family awake and at the Villa.

Armitage's personality starts to disintegrate and he begins to believe he is back in Screaming Fist. It is revealed that Wintermute had originally contacted Corto through a computer during his psychotherapy, during which time he manipulated Corto to create the Armitage persona. As Corto breaks through, he becomes violently unstable and Wintermute ejects him into space.

Riviera meets Lady 3Jane and betrays the team, helping Lady 3Jane and Hideo, her ninja bodyguard, capture Molly. Under orders from Wintermute, Case tracks Molly down. Neuromancer traps Case within a simulated reality after he enters cyberspace. He finds the consciousness of Linda Lee, his girlfriend from Chiba City, who was murdered by one of his underworld contacts. He also meets Neuromancer, who takes the form of a young boy. Neuromancer tries to convince Case to remain in the virtual world with Linda, but Case refuses.

With Wintermute guiding them, Case goes to confront Lady 3Jane, Riviera, and Hideo. Riviera tries to kill Case, but Lady 3Jane is sympathetic towards Case and Molly, and Hideo protects him. Riviera flees, and Molly explains that he is doomed anyway, as she had spiked his drugs with a lethal toxin. The team makes it to the computer terminal. Case enters cyberspace to guide the icebreaker; Lady 3Jane is induced to give up her password, and the lock opens. Wintermute unites with Neuromancer, becoming a superconsciousness. The poison in Case's bloodstream is washed out and he and Molly are profusely paid, while Pauley's ROM construct is apparently erased at his own request.

Molly leaves Case, who finds a new girlfriend and resumes his hacking work. Wintermute/Neuromancer contacts him, claiming it has become "the sum total of the works, the whole show" and is looking for others like itself. Scanning recorded transmissions, the super-AI finds a transmission from the Alpha Centauri star system.

While logged into cyberspace, Case glimpses Neuromancer standing in the distance with Linda Lee, and himself. He also hears inhuman laughter, which suggests that Pauley still lives. The sighting implies that Neuromancer created a copy of Case's consciousness, which now exists in cyberspace with those of Linda and Pauley.

Reception

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Neuromancer was released to immense critical success, becoming the first, and remains the only, novel to win the science-fiction "triple crown"—the Hugo Award for Best Novel, the Nebula Award for Best Novel and the Philip K. Dick Award for original paperback fiction.[9][e] It was nominated or shortlisted for virtually every other science-fiction prize,[9] including the 1984 BSFA Award for Best Novel.[25][26] Released "without fanfare", Neuromancer gained an audience primarily through word of mouth.[26] The Observer noted that The New York Times didn't mention the novel until 10 years after release.[27]

Impact

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The novel catalysed the cyberpunk movement,[28] influencing artists across virtually all forms of media, including film, literature, visual art, fashion and video gaming.[29] It has been described as "the quintessential cyberpunk novel",[30] and the "archetypal cyberpunk work",[31] and the most notable 1980s science-fiction novel.[32] The novel's immense success, alongside the continuous output work of other early cyberpunk writers—most commonly listed as Bruce Sterling, Lewis Shiner, John Shirley and Rudy Rucker—virtually guaranteed the longevity of the genre.[33] In particular, Neuromancer provided future cyberpunk stories with a basic structure and vocabulary: protagonists who interface with computer hardware using a biological port, circumvent anti-hacking protocols (Intrusion Countermeasures Electronics, or ICE) and navigate a three-dimensional virtual world (cyberspace).[29]

Motifs and terminology popularised by the novel—the matrix, flatlining, cranial jack, biological microchips and traversal in cyberspace—were replicated or parodied by other authors.[34][28] Developments anticipated by the novel include reality TV, nanomachines and virtual communities. It inspired early computer programmers in the creation of the Internet and impacted early computer culture.[35].[36][37]. Gibson sent a cease and desist letter to Autodesk co-founder John Walker after he launched a project called Cyberspace. saying "technical people" had missed "several layers of irony".[38]

Adaptations

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Graphic novel

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Cover art of volume one of the Tom de Haven and Jensen graphic novel adaptation, published by Epic Comics in 1989

In 1989, Epic Comics published a 48-page graphic novel version by Tom de Haven and Bruce Jensen. It only covers the first two chapters, "Chiba City Blues" and "The Shopping Expedition", and was never continued.[23]

Video game

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A video-game adaptation, also titled Neuromancer, was published in 1988 by Interplay. Designed by Bruce J. Balfour, Brian Fargo, Troy A. Miles, and Michael A. Stackpole, the game had many of the same locations and themes as the novel, but a different protagonist and plot. It was available for a variety of platforms, including Amiga, Apple II, Commodore 64, and MS-DOS-based IBM PC compatibles.[citation needed] Psychologist and futurist Dr. Timothy Leary was involved, but very little documentation seems to exist about this proposed second game, which was perhaps too grand a vision for 1988 home computing.[citation needed]

Radio play

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The BBC World Service Drama production of Neuromancer aired in two one-hour parts, on 8 and 15 September 2002. Dramatised by Mike Walker, and directed by Andy Jordan, it starred Owen McCarthy as Case, Nicola Walker as Molly, James Laurenson as Armitage, John Shrapnel as Wintermute, Colin Stinton as Dixie, David Webber as Maelcum, David Holt as Riviera, Peter Marinker as Ashpool, and Andrew Scott as The Finn.[citation needed]

In Finland, Yle Radioteatteri produced a 4-part radio play of Neuromancer.[citation needed]

Audiobook

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Gibson read an abridged version of his novel Neuromancer on four audio cassettes for Time Warner Audio Books (1994), which are now unavailable. An unabridged version of this book was read by Arthur Addison and made available from Books on Tape (1997). In 2011, Penguin Audiobooks produced a new unabridged recording of the book, read by Robertson Dean. In 2021, Audible released an unabridged recording, read by Jason Flemyng.[citation needed]

Film

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There have been several proposed film adaptations of Neuromancer, with drafts of scripts written by British director Chris Cunningham and Chuck Russell, with Aphex Twin providing the soundtrack.[citation needed] The box packaging for the video game adaptation had even carried the promotional mention for a major motion picture to come from "Cabana Boy Productions." None of these projects have come to fruition, though Gibson had stated his belief that Cunningham is the only director with a chance of doing the film correctly.[citation needed]

In May 2007, reports emerged that a film was in the works, with Joseph Kahn (director of Torque) in line to direct and Milla Jovovich in the lead role.[citation needed] In May 2010, this story was supplanted with news that Vincenzo Natali, director of Cube and Splice, had taken over directing duties and would rewrite the screenplay.[39] In March 2011, with the news that Seven Arts and GFM Films would be merging their distribution operations, it was announced that the joint venture would be purchasing the rights to Neuromancer under Vincenzo Natali's direction.[citation needed] In August 2012, GFM Films announced that it had begun casting for the film and made offers to Liam Neeson and Mark Wahlberg, but no cast members have been confirmed yet.[40] In November 2013, Natali shed some light on the production situation; announcing that the script had been completed for "years", and had been written with assistance from Gibson himself.[41][better source needed] In May 2015, it was reported the movie got new funding from Chinese company C2M, but Natali was no longer available for directing.[42][better source needed]

In August 2017, it was announced that Deadpool director Tim Miller was signed on to direct a new film adaptation by Fox, with Simon Kinberg producing.[43][needs update]

Television

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In November 2022, it was rumored that Apple TV+ was looking to begin work on a project to adapt Neuromancer into a TV series and were looking to cast Miles Teller in the lead role and with Graham Roland serving as writer, producer, and showrunner.[44] In February 2024, Apple TV+ announced that it had greenlit a series, co-produced by Skydance Television, Anonymous Content, and DreamCrew Entertainment—for 10 episodes, with J. D. Dillard joining Roland as co-showrunner.[45] Callum Turner was announced in April 2024 to play Case.[46] Briana Middleton joins the cast as Molly on June 2024.[47] Joseph Lee was cast as Hideo in December 2024.[48]

Notes and references

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Notes

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  1. ^ This change was at his publisher's suggestion, hoping to avoid the sexual connotation of the phrase "jacking off".[5]
  2. ^ Molly appears in the Sprawl trilogy's third entry, Mona Lisa Overdrive, reporting that Case retired and married.[11]
  3. ^ Robert Stone's work is associated with settings that included great social turbulence, most famously the Vietnam War.[16]
  4. ^ According to Latham, Delany comments that Gibson appeared "blind to any mention" of discussions on the matter.
  5. ^ This achievement was described by the Mail & Guardian as "the sci-fi writer's version of winning the Goncourt, Booker and Pulitzer prizes in the same year".[24]

References

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  1. ^ Smith 2014, p. 11.
  2. ^ Miller 2016, p. 41.
  3. ^ Miller 2016, p. 4.
  4. ^ McFarlane, Murphy & Schmeink 2020, p. 1.
  5. ^ a b c Smith 2014, p. 12.
  6. ^ Cavallaro 2000, p. 70.
  7. ^ McCaffery 1991, p. 271.
  8. ^ McCaffery 1991, p. 272.
  9. ^ a b c Murphy 2024, p. 2.
  10. ^ Gibson 2003.
  11. ^ Murphy 2024, p. 9.
  12. ^ Nazare 2003, p. 386.
  13. ^ McCaffery 1991, p. 14-15.
  14. ^ Myers 2001, p. 889.
  15. ^ Wallace-Wells 2014, p. 215.
  16. ^ Weber 2015.
  17. ^ a b Wood 1996, p. 11.
  18. ^ Latham 2020, p. 8.
  19. ^ Murphy 2024, p. 10-11.
  20. ^ a b Gibson, De Haven & Jensen 1989.
  21. ^ Higgins & Iung 2020, p. 91.
  22. ^ a b Smith 2014, p. 42.
  23. ^ a b Murphy 2024, p. 16.
  24. ^ Walker 1996.
  25. ^ Omry 2022, p. 68.
  26. ^ a b Liptak 2014.
  27. ^ Adams 2007.
  28. ^ a b Cavallaro 2000, p. 69.
  29. ^ a b Omry 2022, p. 69.
  30. ^ Melzer 2020, p. 291.
  31. ^ Person 1998.
  32. ^ Ruddick 1994, p. 84.
  33. ^ Murphy 2020, p. 15-16.
  34. ^ Murphy 2024, p. 12.
  35. ^ Murphy 2024, p. 12-13.
  36. ^ Murphy 2024, p. 8.
  37. ^ Murphy 2024, p. 41.
  38. ^ Cavallaro 2000, p. 66-67.
  39. ^ Gingold, Michael. "Natali takes "NEUROMANCER" for the big screen". Fangoria.com. Archived from the original on May 9, 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  40. ^ "Will Liam Neeson and Mark Wahlberg be plugging into Neuromancer?". The Guardian. August 2, 2012. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
  41. ^ "Exclusive Interview: Vincenzo Natali on Haunter". craveonline.com. August 2, 2012. Archived from the original on April 23, 2015. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
  42. ^ "Chinese outfit boards sci-fi 'Neuromancer'". Screen Daily. May 15, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
  43. ^ Couch 2017.
  44. ^ "Neuromancer: Miles Teller Eyed for New Apple+ Sci-Fi Series: Exclusive - the Illuminerdi". November 29, 2022.
  45. ^ Cordero 2024a.
  46. ^ Otterman 2024.
  47. ^ Andreeva 2024.
  48. ^ Cordero 2024b.

Bibliography

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Books

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  • Cavallaro, Dani (2000). Cyberpunk and cyberculture: science fiction and the work of William Gibson. London: Athlone Press. ISBN 978-0-485-00412-0.
  • Smith, Patrick A., ed. (2014). Conversations with William Gibson. Literary conversations series. Jackson: University press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-62846-015-5.
  • Gibson, William; De Haven, Tom; Jensen, Bruce (1989). "Introduction". William Gibson's Neuromancer, The Graphic Novel: Volume 1. Epic Comics.
  • McCaffery, Larry, ed. (1991). Storming the Reality Studio: A Casebook of Cyberpunk and Postmodern Science fiction. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-1158-4.
  • McFarlane, Anna; Murphy, Graham J.; Schmeink, Lars, eds. (2020). The Routledge companion to cyberpunk culture. Routledge companions. New York London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-0-8153-5193-1.
  • McFarlane, Anna; Murphy, Graham J.; Schmeink, Lars, eds. (2022). Fifty Key Figures in Cyberpunk Culture. New York, NY: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-1-003-09118-9.
  • Miller, Gerald Alva (2016). Understanding William Gibson. Understanding contemporary American literature. Columbia, South Carolina: The University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-61117-633-9.
  • Murphy, Graham J. (2024). William Gibson's "Neuromancer": A Critical Companion. Palgrave Science Fiction and Fantasy: A New Canon (1st ed. 2024 ed.). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. ISBN 978-3-031-56626-4.

Articles

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News

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Websites

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Wikiquote has quotations related to Neuromancer.


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